• star - if one computer goes down the others can still be used
• ring - if one computer goes down the others can not be used

highest = -1
for student = 1 to 3000
total = 0
for exam = 1 to 8
input mark
total = total + mark
if mark > highest then highest = mark
next
average = total/8
output average
next
output highest

Python code:

highest = -1
for student in range(1, 3001):
    total = 0
    for exam in range(1, 9):
        mark = int(input("Enter mark: "))
        total += mark
        if mark > highest:
            highest = mark
    average = total / 8
    print("Average:", average)
print("Highest mark:", highest)

VBA Code

Option Explicit

Sub CalculateAverageAndHighest()
    Dim highest As Integer
    Dim total As Integer
    Dim mark As Integer
    Dim average As Double
    
    highest = -1
    
    For student = 1 To 3000
        total = 0
        For exam = 1 To 8
            mark = InputBox("Enter mark:")
            total = total + mark
            If mark > highest Then
                highest = mark
            End If
        Next exam
        average = total / 8
        MsgBox "Average: " & average
    Next student
    
    MsgBox "Highest mark: " & highest
End Sub

Parallel

• sending data from a computer to a printer
•  internal data transfer (buses)

Serial

• connect a computer to a modem

• confidentiality - The principle of protection from unauthorized access or disclosure
• Integrity - the principle of ensuring that unauthorized or undetected changes to data or system configurations do not occur.
• Availability - the principle of ensuring that data and services remain accessible to authorized users at all times

Word wrap - Is a word processing feature in which a word that does not fit in the current line is automatically moved at the start of the next line

Justification - refers to aligning text on both left and right margins

Drop cap - Make the first character of a paragraph occupy more than one line below it

Advantages of  of Hard Disk Drive

• Hard disk drives are cheaper per gigabyte than solid state drives.
• Hard disks have a longer lifespan than solid state drives

Disadvantages of Hard Disk Drives

• Consumes more power than SDD
• They are noisy.
• They are slower than solid state drives.
• They are susceptible to wear and tear as they have movable parts.

Advantages of Solid State Drives

• Are faster than HDDs
• It is more durable as it does not have moving parts
• Consumes less power
• Are not noisy

Disadvantages of SDD

• It costs more than a conventional hard disk
• Have fewer write/erase cycles compared to a hard disk drive
• Lost data cannot not be recovered

(a) Phishing

• Phishing is a strategy that encourages a computer user to part with sensitive information such as bank details hence the term ‘phishing’ – i.e. fishing – trying to catch someone out. For example, a perpetrator sends a user an email that appears to be genuine, for example, pretending to be a bank or a lawyer requesting that the user verify bank account details or send money to assist in the completing of a legal case.

(b) DoS

• DoS is a means of attack on a specific user/system/website which involves overloading a target with too much network traffic resulting in system slowdown, shutdown or a violation of security.

• Outsourcing is the practice of using third-party providers to perform services and/or create goods that would traditionally be done within the business.

Network Failure - when the network becomes faulty or the network is down, users may not access network resources hence operations of an organization may be brought to a standstill

Security Issues:  A computer network can be accessed thus there is an increased chance of hacking

The rapid spread of viruses: Viruses can easily spread to terminals of a computer network which may be very expensive to clear

Cultural and moral effects: adult content may be shared in a networked environment which may be of negative impact on teenagers

• Refers to selecting a group of text eg word, sentence or even a paragraph in order to work with it as a whole

Ochieng manages a network for an organisation.
(a) Two computers are assigned the same IP address.
Explain why Ochieng must change the IP address of one of the computers.

• Devices must have a unique IP address because otherwise, a switch would not know which of the two was the correct device to send packets to

(b) Identify the network topology that requires a server.

• Star topology

System Stability: Computers require a consistent and stable power supply to function properly. Fluctuations or interruptions in the power source can cause various issues that can disrupt the computer's operation or lead to hardware damage.

a. Data Loss: Sudden power outages or voltage fluctuations can cause the computer to shut down abruptly, resulting in data loss if unsaved work is not properly stored. This can be particularly problematic when working on critical tasks or handling important files.

b. Hardware Damage: Power surges or inconsistent power supply can damage the computer's internal components, including the motherboard, CPU, memory, and storage devices. These damages can result in system instability, reduced performance, or even complete hardware failure.

c. Operating System Corruption: Abrupt power loss or inconsistent power supply can corrupt the operating system files, leading to system crashes, error messages, and instability. This may require system repairs or reinstallation of the operating system.

d. Component Lifespan: Inconsistent power supply can put unnecessary stress on computer components, shortening their lifespan. Frequent power fluctuations or surges can cause wear and tear on various parts, reducing their efficiency and overall longevity.

• Physical topology deals with the placement of nodes
• Logical topology deals with the data flow  in the network

 Data

Instructions

• Font Formatting:

  • Font Style: You can change the font style (e.g., Arial, Times New Roman) for cell content.
  • Font Size: Adjust the size of the text within cells.
  • Bold, Italic, and Underline: Apply these formatting options to emphasize text.
  • Font Color: Change the color of the text.

• Cell Formatting:

  • Number Formats: Apply various number formats, such as currency, percentage, date, and time.
  • Cell Borders: Add or remove borders around cells or cell ranges.
  • Fill Color: Change the background color of cells.
  • Text Alignment: Control how text is aligned within cells (left, right, center, top, bottom).
  • Text Wrapping: Allow text to wrap within a cell if it's too long to fit in one line.

Uses transistors( resistors and capacitors) . It can be implemented by the use of NAND or NOR gates. Data is stored on the chip as a charge

• loss of jobs as some traditional shops/banks close
• lower profits for companies that do not get involved with e-commerce
• decline of leisure shopping as goods are bought on-line
• city centres becoming deserted as shops/banks close down
• gap between rich and poor widening as richer get savings from
• shopping on-line
• more people choosing to interact with computers rather than people
• increase in small businesses
• less pollution/travelling

Prefixing an extra sign bit- A negative number is representes by prefixing a digit 1 to the number

Ones complement- This is flipping the binary equivalent of the number

Twos complement- this involves getting the ones complement and then adding a 1

• It has electrical components.
• It is programmable.

TV remote, wireless mouse , wireless keyboard, used by robots to gauge distance and avoid obstacles,