Advantages

• on-line catalogues can be viewed
• much larger choice of products
• product reviews obtainable before purchase
• orders placed over internet any time day or night
• download software purchased straight away
• good and services usually cheaper on the internet
• programs that can search for best price/cheapest
• very fast placing an order has been placed as customer name, address
• and credit card details are stored so no need to re enter
• buy goods from anywhere in the world
• no need to go to shop/save travelling time

Disadvantages

• spam
• need a credit card to shop on-line/not everyone has a credit card
• hackers could retrieve credit card numbers and use them to buy goods
• security fears - of giving credit card number over the internet/fraud
• goods must be delivered/can not have the goods immediately
• can not touch/handle/see the goods

• RSI in wrists or fingers from prolonged typing or repeated clicking of mouse button
• headaches/eyestrain/dry eye from staring at a monitor for long periods of time/glare from monitor
• back ache/strain from sitting in the  same position for a long time/using chair with no adjustment

• Real-time OS reads information from input devices and must respond within a short duration of time to ensure correct performance
• Distributed OS distributes computation among several physical processors which do not share memory or clock

• It dictates the speed at which data is transferred between these components and enables the sequential execution of instructions in the correct order.
• generates a timing signal that is used to synchronize communication between CPU components and the rest  of the computer system

• Computer viruses
• Unstable power supply
• Hard disk crash
• Theft of data/programs

• allowing the network to share resources like files and software for printers and computers
• support the network's implementation of security features
• controls user accounts
• supplies network administrators with network monitoring tools.

• Detecting congestion.
• Synchronizing activity between traffic lights.
• Updating traffic light timing in real time.
• Updating and informing drivers of ideal speeds.
•  Prioritizing transportation flow.
•  Reduce congestion and time spent on the road
• By reducing congestion it will decrease pollution
• Prioritize traffic based on changes in traffic conditions in real time.
• This system is also helpful to reduce infrastructure damage. It is possible to identify overloaded vehicles and provide them with appropriate ways or roads, which will reduce road damage.

• Binary can represent two states because computer circuits use transistors, which can either be on or off

• where the new system is completely different from the old one
• if there has been extensive testing of the system and the system analyst has confidence in its functionality
• If the system is not critical

• A HDD can contain multiple platters (disks);
• A disk/disks that move/spin
• Each platter is divided into sectors;
• The disks are spun at a very high speed (approximately 7,200 rpm to 10,000 + rpm);
• Read\write heads (move across the disk to) read and write data;
• There is one read\write head for each side of a platter ie two heads per platter;
• Data is written to\read from the disk by magnetising\polarising\sensing microscopic regions on the disk;
• Data is organised in concentric rings called tracks;
• There is a small circuit board on the drive that controls the reading and writing of data;
• Data is transferred from and to the disk via a cable/electrical current being passed;
• The intersection of sectors and tracks are called blocks;
• Data is read 1 block at a time

(a) Pointer

•  A graphical object on a computer screen that responds to move movement and allows the computer user to select and execute commands in graphical user interface operating systems

(b) Desktop

• It Is a special folder in the file system that is displayed when no other windows are open

Phased:
Advantages:

• only a small part of the operation affected if new system fails
•  no need to pay for two sets of wages

Disadvantages:

•  time consuming (each part needs testing fully before expanding system)

Pilot:
Advantages:

• if new system fails, only that part will be affected
• possible to gradually train staff on pilot before whole system changes over

Disadvantages:

•  time consuming (waiting to see how pilot works before rolling out to rest of the organisation)

Direct:
Advantages:

•  less likely to malfunction since fully tested
• immediate benefits/less time wasted
•  reduced costs (only one system so no need to duplicate staff)

Disadvantages:

• disastrous if the new systems does fail

Parallel:
Advantages:

•  if new system goes down, there is a backup system in place
• possible to gradually train staff/staff have time to get used to the new system

•  It does not have declaration part
• It does not  have control structures

• Allows creation and management of user accounts
• Helps in troubleshooting of the network
• controls access to network resources
• Provides communication services
• configures network resources
•  

• High-level languages have built-in functions;
• High-level languages have built-in libraries;
• High-level languages have more support/help;
• High-level languages have structures (such as selection and iteration);
• High-level languages can be less machine-dependent/more portable;
• It (usually) requires fewer lines of code to be written;
• It is (usually) quicker to develop code in high-level languages;
• It is easier to find mistakes in code;
• The code is easier to maintain//understand;
• It is easier to structure code in high-level languages;

• Developing training materials
• Training computer users
• Conducting ICT examinations
• Managing the learning and examination process
• Developing guidelines for using the computer lab
• Planning the course content
•  

1. Use a humidifier: Using a humidifier can help maintain a consistent level of humidity in the computer lab, which can prevent the negative effects of low humidity.

2. Avoid dry air: Avoid creating a dry environment in the computer lab by opening windows or using fans to increase air circulation.

3. Regular maintenance: Ensure that all computer components are properly maintained and cleaned to prevent damage due to static electricity.

4. Backup data: Regularly backup all important data to avoid data loss in case of hardware failure caused by low humidity.

5. Monitor humidity levels: Use a hygrometer to monitor the humidity levels in the computer lab and take corrective measures if the levels fall below a safe range.

6. Use anti-static materials: Use anti-static mats or wristbands when handling computer components to prevent static electricity buildup.

• It is a feature used to prevent unwanted changes to be made on the data contained in a sheet by limiting the ability to make changes

Multitasking - the  capability of an operating system to enable users to run two or more programs at once on a single computer

Real time processing - data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that the response itself is useful for controlling the physical activity of a process

Time-sharing processing  - a processing mode in which the central processor serves two or more users with different processing requirements (tasks)

On-line processing - is that type of processing where the result of data processing transaction is available immediately

(i) Jobs collected together for processing at a later time
(ii) Output produced quickly enough to affect the next input
(iii) User has direct contact with the processor
(iv) User cannot communicate directly with the processor