• not able to directly manipulate the hardware
• may need to wait for translation before running
• the program may be less efficient.

• Windows for example a word processing application and a spreadsheet

• Menus, for example, allow the user to perform operations or run applications such as right-click to create a new folder  

• Icons for example a picture of linked computers for networking

• Pointers(mouse or touchscreen)  for example to select items/trigger events  

• Shortcuts for example to frequently used applications for example having a shortcut to your mail client on your desktop

• File navigation for example when searching the hard disc for a file/folder using a browser

• copying / deleting / moving/sorting/naming/searching of files or folders for example copying of a file from the hard drive to a USB pen drive (File handling)

• Desktop customisation for example changing the colours and background image

• Copy and paste for example between applications e.g. copying a graph from a spreadsheet to a word processor

• Error messages for example provide users with error/warning/help messages for example ‘printer out of paper’ 

• Outsourcing is the practice of using third-party providers to perform services and/or create goods that would traditionally be done within the business.

1. Speeds up coding since converting a pseudocode into a programming language is usually faster and easier
2. Acts as documentation
3. Simplifies debugging since logical errors can be identified and corrected early in design stage
4. Language independent since it is not tied to any specific language so can be translated into different languages
5. It uses simple english-like statements

(a) Defragmentation software   -   Reorganises files on a disk to improve efficiency

(b) Disk contents analysis/repair software - Scans a hard disk to identify bad sectors

(c) Disk formatter -  Prepares a hard disk for first use

• StudentID: String
• FirstName: Required 1
• Year: 2 1
• Email: Email address containing @ sign 1
• AccountBalance: Real

ICT is used to create e-commerce platforms that have made business transactions easier and convenient by allowing customers make purchases and payments from anywhere at any time

ICT is used by marketing agents to create exciting multimedia presentations concerning products or services and present them to the target customers using presentation software such MS PowerPoint

Using multimedia, presentation and animation software, it is possible to design attractive advert materials and video clips to display on billboards, broadcast over a television or uploaded on the internet

• A barcode is one-dimensional while a QR code is two dimensional
• Barcodes are a set of vertical lines and QR code contains squares
• QR codes can be read from any angle . Barcode is only above or below and lined up horizontally

• backups/dumps of files
• copy of files on CD/tape streamer
• file generations

1. Slow Performance: If your computer suddenly becomes significantly slower than usual, taking longer to boot up, open applications, or respond to commands, it could be a sign of a virus. Viruses can consume system resources, resulting in decreased performance.

2. Frequent Crashes: If your computer frequently crashes, freezes, or experiences sudden system reboots without any apparent reason, it could be due to a virus. Some viruses can interfere with system stability, leading to unexpected crashes or instability.

3. Unusual Pop-ups or Ads: If you start noticing an excessive number of pop-ups, advertisements, or banners appearing on your computer screen, especially when you're not browsing the internet, it might be an indication of adware or malware infection.

4. Unwanted Modifications: Viruses can modify system settings or configurations without your consent. If you observe changes in your default browser homepage, new toolbars appearing, unfamiliar icons on the desktop, or altered settings, it could be a sign of a virus.

5. Unusual Network Activity: If you notice excessive network traffic, unusual data transfers, or a sudden increase in data usage without any known reason, it could be an indication of a virus or malware actively communicating with external servers.

6. Missing or Modified Files: Viruses can delete, encrypt, or modify files on your computer. If you find missing files or encounter unexpected changes in file sizes, names, or extensions, it could be a result of a virus infection.

7. Disabled Security Software: Some viruses attempt to disable or circumvent antivirus or security software to avoid detection. If you notice that your antivirus program or firewall is deactivated, modified, or unable to update, it could be due to a virus compromising your security software.

8. Unexpected Email or Message Activity: Viruses can use infected computers to send spam emails or messages to contacts in your address book without your knowledge. If your friends or colleagues report receiving suspicious or unexpected emails or messages from you, it could be a sign of a virus.

May not have space for cables to be installed

Employees and visitors can move around the building without disconnecting

Adding new users just means giving out the SSID and password

MAR( memory address register)

• Stores the address/location where data will be read/written/accessed/fetched
• stores address/location of data/instruction being processed
• stores address/location of data/instruction next to be processed

MDR or  memory data register

• Stores the data/instruction that is fetched/read from memory
• stores the data that is to be written to memory
• stores the data/instruction from the address in the MAR
• stores data/instruction next to be processed

 Program counter

• Stores the address/location of the next instruction to be run
• stores the address/location of the current instruction being run

Accumulator

• Stores the result of manipulation/process/calculation

Uses transistors( resistors and capacitors) . It can be implemented by the use of NAND or NOR gates. Data is stored on the chip as a charge

(i) Unexpectedly halts the program. Run time (execution)

(ii) The program produces the wrong output.  Logical
 (b) Another error can result from incorrectly using the rules or grammar of the programming language.

(i) Name this error. Syntax

(ii) State when this error is detected.

Syntax error is detected during translation into executable code / attempted to run but fails

Any four of:
Sequential:
• Individual instructions are executed one after another
• Flow control is accomplished by jump/branch/goto instructions
• Results are usually achieved less quickly than parallel processing (do
not award twice)
Parallel:
• Individual instructions can be routed to different processors for
simultaneous execution
• Results are usually achieved quicker than sequential instruction (do not
award twice)
• Requires multi-core processors or multiple microprocessors
• Tasks may be split into different parts with each part executed on a
different processor
• Results need to be merged back together after completion

Legend

• Legends are a small visual representation of the chart's data series to understand each without confusion.

A data series

• is a row or column of numbers that are entered in a worksheet and plotted in your chart, such as a list of quarterly business profits
• A group of related data points or markers that are plotted in charts and graphs

Data Marker

• A symbol on the chart that represents a single value in the worksheet.
• A column, dot, pie slice, or another symbol in the chart that represents a data value

State the function of each of the following keys on the computer keyboard :  (2mks)

Backspace;

• Deletes characters to the left of the cursor

Insert

• Add characters at the cursor position
• Toggles between overtype and insert modes

An organization intends to replace an existing system by carrying out the process in stages .

Name the implementation strategy ;  (1mk)

• Phased change-over

Give two reasons why the  organization is opting to use the implementation strategy  in (a) above     (2mks)

• Gives employees time to learn
• Organizations can revert to the old system in case of failure
• Reduces resistance by the employees
• It is easier to find system errors as you are dealing with only one part at a time
• Accessing parts of the old system is still is possible in case of failure of the new system

A manager wishes to replace the current manual system with a computerized one. Describe three areas that must be evaluated to justify the replacement  (6 marks)

• Technical feasibility

• Does the current technology suffice

• Economic feasibility

• Benefits outweigh costs/ whether the project is cost effective

• Schedule feasibility

• Can it be done within the schedule

Headache, back and neck pain may result from the use of computers. State how each of them can be minimized                               (2mks)

• Proper lighting
• Regular breaks
• Use of antiglare
• Correct position of the screen
• Ergonomic furniture

Students of a school intended to elect their school Captain by secret ballot.  State three ways in which computers can be used to improve the election process                          (3mks)

• Registrations of voters
• Voter identification
• Actual voting
• Tallying

Explain why intranet is a more secure way to share files within an organization compared to internet (2mks)

• Intranet involves the interconnection of computers  within  the organization hence it is easier to monitor the access and sharing of files since the users in an organization can be assigned accounts and passwords which will enable to access files they are authorized to access unlike the internet where many can access what is stored in the organization’s website

List two career opportunities directly associated with computer networking               (2mks)

• Network administrators
• Network engineers
• Network technicians

Distinguish between a formula and a function as used in spreadsheets

• A formula is a mathematical expression that returns a value
• A function is an excel inbuilt formula that returns a value given a range of values or arguments

 The C directory of a computer has folders named Form 1, Form 2, Form 3 and Form 4. Each class has students’ folder named according to their admission number.  The student created their own folder for subjects they are studying based on the table below:

b) Study the following pseudocode and answer the questions that follow.

1. Start

2. Get Value1 and Value2

3. If Value1> Value2 Then

4. Maximum = Value1

5. Else If Value1< Value2 Then

6. Maximum = Value2

7. Else Go to 9

8. Display Maximum

9. Stop

i) State the purpose of the pseudocode                                                                                  [1]

To compare two values and output the greater of the two

ii) Draw a flowchart equivalent to the pseudocode.                                                                     [8]

HTTPS/HTTP: this is a protocol that is used to send data to web pages across the Internet

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):   a text-based version of a web address

Internet Service provider /ISP  - his is the company that provides a user with a connection to the Internet

browser - Software/application that allows users to view web pages / render HTML -

cookie - a text file (stored by a web browser) that contains data about a user’s browsing habits/details/preferences