Branch of computer science based on enabling computers to
behave like humans/mimic aspects of human intelligence
• AI is implemented in software.
• Combines psychology, biology, linguistics, mathematics, neuroscience,
and philosophy (ethics)
• AI is not the same as the general intelligence of human beings

Uses – Any of the following:
• Game playing (chess, quiz, video games)
• Analytics (analyse buying patterns, predicting behaviours, predictive
text, financial markets)
• Image processing (recognising objects/patterns)
• Logistics (scheduling, order fulfilment)
• Control systems (cars, manufacturing, weapons, navigation)
• Expert systems (medical, mechanical, electrical diagnosis)
• Neural networks (simulating neuron behaviours as in brains)
• Natural languages processing (chatterbots, chatbots, speech
recognition)
• Robotics (dangerous situations, help aged or disabled)

Ethical issues – Any of the following:
• Take the work of humans, thereby affecting employment rates
• Is a computer to be trusted to make decisions (life-death)?

• If a computer discovers something that humans can’t prove, should it be
accepted as truth?
• Do AI machines have rights?
• Will people be comfortable interacting with machines that are
considered intelligent?

• In a client-server network, every device is either a client or a server whereas in a peer-to-peer network each computer has equal responsibility and each has the ability to work as both a server and a client

• The process of rewriting parts of a file to contiguous sectors on a disk

• connecting wireless headphone to a phone
• Using a wireless mouse, keyboard etc
•  

• RAID 10 is a combination of RAID 0 (zero) and RAID 1 (one)

• mirrored hard disk/hot standby/second computer
• re-run the old master file with the transaction file

A parameter represents additional information that  a function requires to perform its task. Each parameter required by a function is specified in the function header

An argument the value supplied in the function call. When the function is called, the argument value is passed into the function parameter so that the function can perform its task

Refers to a small piece of software designed to update, fix, or improve a specific part of the operating system or an application.

NB: Patches are typically released by the software's developer or the operating system vendor to address security vulnerabilities, software bugs, or to add new features or enhancements

• It ensures that each row has a unique and non-null primary key

• Optical scanner is used read data by use a beam of light while a magnetic ink scanner is used to read data encoded/written using magnetic ink by magnetising the ink characters and translating them

Direct Change-Over

• A date is chosen for the shutdown of the old system, then at that time, the old system
  is turned off and the new system is implemented

Phased

• Parts of the new system are implemented in stages or for a period of time, both the old and the new system are running together until all parts of the system are implemented.

• By use of an ergonomic keyboard
• She should take regular breaks from her computer and stretch her joints
• She should use standard furniture with an upright backrest to reduce strain on the back

(a) State two items of data that are stored on the barcode.

• check digit
• product number/item number/code
• country of origin
• manufacturers number/code
• weight
• price

(b) Describe how the computer system checks that the barcode has been read correctly.

• check digit calculation is performed on the check digit, remainder = 0 if the barcode has been read correctly
• weights and modulus 11 and use remainder
• or subtractions and addition and use answer

(c) State the type of file access that is used to get the price from the central computer.

• random/direct/online

(d) Explain how the system updates the file when an item has been sold.

• search file/master file using barcode number/product code and decrease number in stock/increase quantity sold

Word wrap - Is a word processing feature in which a word that does not fit in the current line is automatically moved at the start of the next line

Justification - refers to aligning text on both left and right margins

Drop cap - Make the first character of a paragraph occupy more than one line below it

• A formula is a mathematical expression that returns a value
• A function is an excel inbuilt formula that returns a value given a range of values or arguments

Memory management

• Manage the computer’s memory;
• It can control which parts of the memory are being used by which process

Processor management

• Manage the computer’s processor(s)CPU;
• Schedules of which processes are to be executed;

Input/output management

• Manages input/output devices;
• Interacts with/manages/handles the (automatic) installation of device drivers;
•  Handles peripheral device interrupts;
• the computer can communicate with the outside world;
• Control network communication;
• Allow devices to send and receive data;

Managing storage

• Manage secondary storage devices;
• Loading data and programs into the computer’s memory;
• Storage space management (disk quotas);
• To ensure that storage space is allocated fairly and efficiently to specific tasks\users;

Managing security

•  User authentication;
• To make sure that users must prove who they are to access the system;
• Protect against malware;
• Block access to specific vulnerable operations or system areas. For example, software can only be installed with admin access;

Managing applications

• Control access to applications;
• Prevent users or processes from using unauthorised programs // allow users or
• processes to use authorised programs;
• Control application access;
• Prevent/allow an application access to data (or devices);

• do not allow outside floppy disks/CD’s/DVD’s
• use disk free work stations
• download/install and use anti virus software
• scan hard disks regularly
• update the anti virus program regularly
• do not open file attachments from unknown sources/download
• doubtful software from the Internet
• do not use files that come from unknown sources
• buy original software/do not buy pirated software
• use firewalls

c) Six ways in which Christians can assist the physically challenged members of the society (6mks)

Establishing special institutions for them

Donating equipment, which assists them in their movement.

Giving them vocational training

Assisting them in their daily chores

Accepting them as human beings like themselves

Helping them to develop their talents e.g. games, music, drama etc.

Identifying their abilities and giving them employment.

Encouraging relatives to live with them.

Giving them financial assistance to start income generating projects 

a) The parable of the shrewd manager in Luke 16:1-33. (7mks)

There was a rich man who had a steward. He received charges that the steward was wasting his goods.

He called him what he was hearing about him. He told him to turn in account of his stewardship for he could no longer be steward.

The steward asked himself what he would do since his master was taking the stewardship away from him.

He was not strong enough to dig and was ashamed to beg.

He decided what to do so that people may receive him into their house when he is out of the stewardship

He was to summon his masters’ debtors one by one. He went to the first one and asked him how much he owned his master. The debtor said a hundred measures of oil, which he was told to write fifty.

He asked another how much he owned his master. He said a hundred measures of wheat he was told to write eighty

The master commended the dishonest steward for his shrewdness for the sons of his world are shrewder in dealing with their own generation that the ones light.

Seven causes of conflict between Jesus and the Jewish leader in Jerusalem. (7mks)

They questioned the authority Jesus was using to teach Lk 20:1-8.

Jesus accused them of persecuting and rejecting Gods servants in the parable of tenants. Lk 20:9-18.

They had conflict on the issue of whether to pay taxes to cease or not. Lk 20:19-26

The question on resurrection by the Sadducees on Levites marriage. Lk 20:27-39

He claimed to be the messiah and said that even David called Him Lord in the book of Psalms Lk 20:4-44

Jesus openly condemned the hypocrisy of the Jewish leader Lk 20:45-47

Jesus prophesied the destruction of temple of Jerusalem

He condemned the offerings of the rich Jewish leaders, which were meant to show off, but praised the widows’ offerings, which was made out of self-sacrifice Lk 21:1.

Six ways in which parents can resolve misunderstanding with their children. (6mks)

Allowing dialogue

Listening to their views

Presenting them with the correct, picture of the situation

Setting a good example to them

Giving them appropriate time for leisure activities

Seeking help from church leaders

Guiding them on how to choose friends

Advising them on the right moral values

Praying for and with them to bring about understanding 

Committing the children to God’s will

Discussing the problem with their friends and relatives

a) Seven reasons why Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to the disciples after his ascension. (7mks)

The holy spirit would comfort the disciples

He was to counsel the disciples

He would guide the disciples on what is right / God’s righteousness

He was to convict people of their sins

He was to show disciples on what is right

He was to reveal the future / enable the disciples to prophet’s / God’s will

He would glorify Jesus through the work of the disciples

He would enable the disciples to witness Christ throughout the world

He would replace the physical presence of Jesus 

He would empower the disciples to be able to speak with courage

b)How the unity of believers is expressed in the body of Christ? (8mks)

St Paul describes the believers as the body of Christ 

Christ is the head of the church

The believers form parts of the body

The body has different organs, in the same way the church has different members

They all need to work together for the well-being of the church 

Every part of the body is needed to make it whole/ all parts interdependent / one part cannot be without the other

The different church members are given different spiritual gifts by the holy spirit to carry out God’s work 

Believers are united through baptism in the Holy Spirit.

c)The church in Kenya help to bring about the unity in the country. (6mks)

Assisting the government is developing a curriculum schools that teaches about patriotism

Advocating for peaceful co-existence among Kenyans

Fighting corruption, discrimination, tribalism, nepotism and all forms of favourism

Acting as a voice of reason among the ruling political class demanding their unity as a government

Assisting the less fortunate in the society thus fighting disparity

Condemning and reporting to the relevant authorized groups that bring disharmony in the society

Developing joint rallies, prayers and reconciliatory meetings together.

Forgiving one another to avoid disunity

Obeying church rules/ leaders

Chastity is a virtue

a) Attitude of Christian towards human sexuality. (7mks)

Sex is sacred

Man and woman are for companionship

Both man and woman are equal before God

It is for procreation

Man and woman are complementary 

Man and woman were created in the image of God

They became one in marriage

Human beings have the ability to control sexual desire

All forms of irresponsible sex are condemned 

Chastity is a virtue

b)Six ways in which sex is abused in Kenya today. (6mks)

Sex before marriage / fornication/ pre-marital sex

Sex outside marriage / adultery

Prostitution

Bestiality

Homosexuality/ lesbianism/ sodomy/oral sex

Pornographic literature/mass media using of technological devices in sex

Incest

Masturbation

Rape /defilement of minors

c)Why are minors sexually abused in Kenya today? (7mks)

Permissiveness

Lack of self-control

Influence of the mass media

Mental illness / stress/ drug and substance influence

Erosion of the African culture moral value

False religious / devil worship /strange cults

To avenge for oneself

Breakdown of religious values

Irresponsible parenthood

Indecent dressing

Leniency of the law

Idleness

Poverty / unemployment

6 a) Six practices in the African Society that promoted law, order and justice? (6mks)

Cultural taboos/dos and don’ts in the society

Kinship ties had rules which governed their relationships

Oaths – swearing while making agreements.

Rites of passage e.g. during initiation, the youth were taught laws/secrets of society.

Practice of rituals in the society promoted good relationships between the living/living dead.

Communal life i.e. “I am because we are, and since we are therefore Iamb.”

Inheritance of property was done fairly which brought justice /order.

Worship of God/veneration of ancestors created orderliness

b). Seven reasons for the need of law, order and justice in the society. (7mks)

In order to safeguard peoples personal rights.

To ensure security and protection of the people and their property.

To promote peace and harmony

To attract both local and foreign investment in the country

To promote peaceful relationship between countries.

To safeguard freedom of the citizens

To control and check the powers of those in authority

To enable the gov’t to implement its taxation policies effectively and to use the money

collected for the good of the community

To enable Christians worship God in peace and freely spread the good news.

c) Explain the factors which hinder effective maintenance of law and order in the (7 marks)

Increase in the rate of crime especially in urban areas

Political instability e.g. Post election violence

Greed for power and wealth

Political selfishness leading to dictatorship and despotism

High rate of unemployment leading to idleness / crime

Corruption especially by custodians of the law e.g. police.

Hypocrisy i.e. leaders misleading the society

High level of poverty forcing others into crime

Syntax error

• An error in the source code of a program like pront("Hello, " + name) instead of print
• These are errors that emanate from improper use of language rules such as spelling mistakes,improper use of variables and misuse of reserved words

Logical error

• A mistake in a program's source code that results in incorrect or unexpected behaviour like if age == 65: print("Eligible for a discount.") instead of using if age >= 65: print("Eligible for a discount.")
• These are errors that occur due to imperfect comparisons

Run-time error

• An error which occurs when a program is asked to do something that it cannot, resulting in a ' crash'9. For example, asking a number to be divided by 0 such as 72/0.
• An error that results in a sudden halt of an executing program