• A physical file contains the original data whereas a logical file does not contain any data
• A physical file contains one record format while a logical file can contain up to 32 record formats
• A physical file can exist without a logical file while a logical file cannot exist without a physical file

• their small wavelength allows conveniently sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna

• 4 (four)

A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter text, characters, and various commands into a computer or other digital devices.

• To detect and remove errors
• To confirm if the program produces the expected output

Network Failure - when the network becomes faulty or the network is down, users may not access network resources hence operations of an organization may be brought to a standstill

Security Issues:  A computer network can be accessed thus there is an increased chance of hacking

The rapid spread of viruses: Viruses can easily spread to terminals of a computer network which may be very expensive to clear

Cultural and moral effects: adult content may be shared in a networked environment which may be of negative impact on teenagers

• System software that analyses, configures, optimises and maintains a computer system

• Power surge/loss (damages hardware)
•  Use a UPS
• Water can be spilt on the device
• Don’t have water near the device
• Keep the device in a waterproof box when not is use
• Fire can destroy the device
• Use electrics safety
• Keep the device in a fireproof box when not in use
• Data is accidentally deleted
•  Add verification method for data deletion
•  Set access levels for data to limit who can delete the data
• Incorrect use of storage device
• Making sure the device is ejected before removing
•  Physical damage to hardware // hardware failure
•  Correct care and maintenance of hardware
•  Software failure 
• Making sure it is always up to date // enable automatic updates

• It refers to a system software that provides a platform for installation and execution of an application software and also manages the computer hardware

• Portable
• Light
• Faster access speed
• No moving parts
• Efficient power consumption
• Durable
• Small physical size
• Large storage capacity

Domain integrity - ensures that all data in  a field contain valid values

• Thesaurus - Is a feature in a word processor that suggest words with the similar or opposite meaning to the one selected
• Comments: a feature in a word processor that allows a user to attach a remark about the selection

1. Enable resource sharing
2. Facilitate remote communication
3. Enable distributed processing
4. Provide better data security and management

• Repairing files
• Compression
• Defragmentation
• Back up
• Anti-virus / anti-spyware / anti-malware
• Firewall
• Managing application updates
• Format disks/drives
• System analysis tools

(a) Defragmentation software   -   Reorganises files on a disk to improve efficiency

(b) Disk contents analysis/repair software - Scans a hard disk to identify bad sectors

(c) Disk formatter -  Prepares a hard disk for first use

A record showing who has accessed a computer system and what operations he or she has performed during a given period of time

Responsibilities of the software developer is to ensure that the ergonomics focuses on making software user-friendly, reduces repetitive motions or eyestrain and enables movements of users to promote comfort and efficiency.

Software can be designed with adjustable text sizes and screen brightness settings to prevent eye strain, offering users a way to customise their visual experience for better comfort during prolonged use.

a) What is an operating system? (1 mark)

• It is a system software that manages the computer hardware. It provides a platform for installation & execution of application software.

b) Briefly explain any four functions of an operating system. (8 marks)
Interrupt handling - When an interrupt occurs, the current state of the CPU is saved & the OS handles the request, after which the OS restores the previous state of the CPU & resumes the interrupted process.
Process scheduling - OS decides which process runs next & for how long.
Memory management - Ensures that each process has enough memory allocated to execute without interfering with other processes.
Error handling - OS provides a mechanism to detect & respond to errors such as segmentation faults, hardware failures, or invalid instructions.

State the function of each of the following keys on the computer keyboard :  (2mks)

Backspace;

• Deletes characters to the left of the cursor

Insert

• Add characters at the cursor position
• Toggles between overtype and insert modes

An organization intends to replace an existing system by carrying out the process in stages .

Name the implementation strategy ;  (1mk)

• Phased change-over

Give two reasons why the  organization is opting to use the implementation strategy  in (a) above (2mks)

• Gives employees time to learn
• Organizations can revert to the old system in case of failure
• Reduces resistance by the employee
• It is easier to find system errors as you are dealing with only one part at a time
• Accessing parts of the old system is still is possible in case of failure of the new system

– if one station/cable fails, others are not affected
– easier to identify faults when using star topologies
– it is easier to expand this type of network
– performance doesn’t deteriorate under load