• A denial of service strategy usually works flooding the target host or network with traffic until the target can’t respond or crashes. The targeted systems operations are affected when users are unable to access information systems and or network services

- Passwords
- Hierarchy
- Only allow some staff to access student files
- Only some machines able to access
- Physical location of these machines
- Physical lock on machines
- Encrypted data in files
- Firewall if connected to the Internet

Syntax
• An error that occurs when a command does not follow the expected syntax of the language, e.g. when a keyword is incorrectly spelt
• Incorrect: IF A ADN B Then
• Correct: IF A AND B Then

Logical
• An error that causes a program to output an incorrect answer (that does not necessarily crash the program)
• An algorithm that calculates a person’s age from their date of birth, but ends up giving negative numbers

• Websites – any inappropriate websites ie pornography, drugs, guns,
• terrorism etc. e.g. is it acceptable for the organisation to allow access to this
• sort of material when you can’t control who is accessing the service?
• Time – limit amount of time, they may not want to provide indefinite access
• or may want to charge for access after the time limit has expired.
• Preventing file sharing and illegal sharing\use of copyrighted materials.
• Accountability – identification of users and actions on a network by
• preventing anonymous access.
• Prevention of illegal activities such as terrorism and fraud.
• The responsibility to keep children safe and protected.
• Responsibility to keep users (customers) data safe and secure.
• Spoofing of websites, phishing. Responsibility of organisation to put some kind of protection in place, eg filtering of known fraudulent sites.
• Recording of private messages or details if not encrypted.
• Recording of usernames and passwords that the user may also use to access other systems.
• Responsibility of organisation to secure their systems from possible attack.
• Sales and marketing – providing sales leads to market products.

• Unsigned integers store more positive values

 the trial version of software for a limited time/number of uses with limited features  free of charge

If a full version is required need to pay a fee/sign up

When the trial is over user is asked to pay/sign up

Protected by copyright

Type of software licence
 

– if one station/cable fails, others are not affected
– easier to identify faults when using star topologies
– it is easier to expand this type of network
– performance doesn’t deteriorate under load

• It transfers data signals from one node directly to another in the network without broadcasting

• To detect and remove errors
• To confirm if the program produces the expected output

– software that can be used to design new products/amend existing products
– makes use of features such as 2D, 3D, wire frames, library of parts, links to CAM

Give three different applications that make use of CAD.

– aerospace
– architecture
– designing cars
– designing consumer goods
– chemical/nuclear plant design
– designing electronic circuit boards
– ergonomic design
– landscape/garden design

Name three specialist input/output devices used in CAD.

– large monitor/screen with hi-res
– touch screen
– plotter
– space mouse/space ball/4D device
– 3D glasses (in some applications)
– light pen
– graphics tablet
– 3D printer
– 3D scanner

• Network
• Commercial
• Enterprise
• Proprietary

1. a) Based on Deutro-Isaiah, describe the Messiah. (7mks)

The Messiah would be despised/ rejected

The Messiah would be treated harshly/ arrested/sentenced to death

The Messiah would be reconciling people through His suffering

The death of the Messiah would bring forgiveness of sins of humankind

The Messiah would endure suffering/humiliation without complaining/ would suffer innocently

The Messiah would have nothing attractive

The Messiah would be humble/simple

The Messiah would be highly honored

The Messiah would succeed in His work

He would be despised, rejected, wounded oppressed and afflicted 

He endured pain and suffering which would have been ours. 

Because of our sins he was wounded 

We are healed by the punishment he suffered He was treated harshly but he never said a word 

He was put in the grave with the wicked 

He was buried with the rich even though he did not commit a crime 

He took the place of many sinners and prayed that they might be forgiven.

• compact disks
• DVDs
• Blue Ray

• RSI in wrists or fingers from prolonged typing or repeated clicking of mouse button
• headaches/eyestrain/dry eye from staring at a monitor for long periods of time/glare from monitor
• back ache/strain from sitting in the  same position for a long time/using chair with no adjustment

Solid state
 

Encryption software

• Scramble/encode/mix up data so it cannot be read/understood if intercepted/stolen

Defragmentation s/w

• Move free space together and Move files together hence enabling Faster access to files

(Data) compression s/w

• Reduce the file size of files or makes files smaller inorder  To use less storage space
• enables Faster transmission
• enables storage of more files

Anti-virus / anti-malware s/w

• To help protect computer/data against viruses/malware
• To scan the computer to look for/quarantine/remove viruses/malware

Disk analysis and repair s/w

• Scan disk and look for faults
• Prevent the loss of data due to faulty disk

Auto-update

•  Checks Internet for new versions of software/OS
• Downloads and installs without user interaction

Firewall

• Examine incoming and outgoing traffic
• To help restrict/prevent unauthorised access over a network

 ...over a network/external source

Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, communication and IT that interact to support problem solving

Components of an information system

• Hardware
• Software
• Data - information manipulated by software
• people- all people involved
• Processes - steps to accomplish a goal

Many components that go into computer systems are toxic and dangerous to the environment if released or disposed of inappropriately.
Heavy metals are used in batteries and circuits and these can pollute groundwater or kill animals if left exposed on landfill. Large quantities of plastics are used in systems, which take a long time to break down, some of the plastic will eventually break down into toxins as it degrades.

(a) One from:

• Background checks
• Access control
• Physical security
• User policies

(b) To prevent unauthorised access (1) so that data remains confidential (1) by making it unintelligible (1) because it is scrambled (1)