• an attribute/combination of attributes chosen to ensure that the records in a table are unique

• Websites – any inappropriate websites ie pornography, drugs, guns,
• terrorism etc. e.g. is it acceptable for the organisation to allow access to this
• sort of material when you can’t control who is accessing the service?
• Time – limit amount of time, they may not want to provide indefinite access
• or may want to charge for access after the time limit has expired.
• Preventing file sharing and illegal sharing\use of copyrighted materials.
• Accountability – identification of users and actions on a network by
• preventing anonymous access.
• Prevention of illegal activities such as terrorism and fraud.
• The responsibility to keep children safe and protected.
• Responsibility to keep users (customers) data safe and secure.
• Spoofing of websites, phishing. Responsibility of organisation to put some kind of protection in place, eg filtering of known fraudulent sites.
• Recording of private messages or details if not encrypted.
• Recording of usernames and passwords that the user may also use to access other systems.
• Responsibility of organisation to secure their systems from possible attack.
• Sales and marketing – providing sales leads to market products.

(i) Crop - used when handling a graphic and there is a need to remove some of the portions in the graphic

(ii)Transparency - used when there is a need to make background of a graphic visible

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol(IMAP)

1. Ergonomic Chair: Ensure that each user has an ergonomic chair that provides proper lumbar support. The chair should be adjustable in terms of height and backrest angle.

2. Adjustable Desk: Provide adjustable desks or workstations that can accommodate different user heights and allow for proper positioning of the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

3. Monitor Placement: Ensure that the computer monitors are positioned at eye level or slightly below to prevent users from straining their necks and shoulders. Consider using monitor stands or adjustable monitor arms for better positioning.

4. Keyboard and Mouse: Encourage the use of ergonomic keyboards and mice that are designed to minimize strain on the wrists and hands. Provide wrist rests if needed.

5. Proper Lighting: Ensure that the computer room is well-lit, with appropriate lighting levels to reduce eye strain. Avoid glare on the computer screens by using adjustable blinds or curtains.

6. Regular Breaks: Encourage users to take regular breaks from prolonged computer use. Suggest the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look away from the screen at an object 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds.

7. Stretching Exercises: Promote stretching exercises for the neck, shoulders, and back to help alleviate muscle tension and improve blood circulation. Display posters or provide resources on desk stretches and exercises.

8. Correct Posture: Educate users about proper sitting posture, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a neutral spine position. Provide visual aids or ergonomic training materials to demonstrate the correct posture.

9. Desk Organization: Encourage users to keep their workstations organized to minimize the need for reaching or straining. This includes keeping frequently used items within easy reach and arranging cables to prevent trip hazards.

10. Individual Assessments: If the backache issue persists, consider offering individual ergonomic assessments for users. A specialist can evaluate the user's workstation setup and suggest personalized recommendations.

(a) Phishing

• Phishing is a strategy that encourages a computer user to part with sensitive information such as bank details hence the term ‘phishing’ – i.e. fishing – trying to catch someone out. For example, a perpetrator sends a user an email that appears to be genuine, for example, pretending to be a bank or a lawyer requesting that the user verify bank account details or send money to assist in the completing of a legal case.

(b) DoS

• DoS is a means of attack on a specific user/system/website which involves overloading a target with too much network traffic resulting in system slowdown, shutdown or a violation of security.

Sequence: Sequential execution of a program one line after another

Selection:  Involve the a decision between two or more options e.g  if...then...else

Loops/Repetitions: Used for looping i.e a line of code can be made to execute a given number times before terminating.

• Thesaurus - Is a feature in a word processor that suggest words with the similar or opposite meaning to the one selected
• Comments: a feature in a word processor that allows a user to attach a remark about the selection

IP spoofing

A technique used to gain unauthorised access to a computer whereby an intruder sends messages to that computer from a false IP address

Back door:
An undocumented method of gaining access to a program, online service or an entire computer system

– faster communications now widely available
– safety reasons, e.g. increase in terrorist attacks on international flights
– reduced transportation/accommodation/hardware costs
– environmental issues, e.g. reduced carbon footprint
– increase in multinational working

• By use of an ergonomic keyboard
• She should take regular breaks from her computer and stretch her joints
• She should use standard furniture with an upright backrest to reduce strain on the back

• It refers to a system software that provides a platform for installation and execution of an application software and also manages the computer hardware

Advantages

• It is intuitive
• Easy to navigate
• Uses menus, pointers and icons thus easy to learn and use
• It lets the user exchange data between different software applications
• The user does not have to learn complicated commands

Disadvantages

• Takes a lot of memory
• A lot of processor power is needed
• Takes up a larger amount of hard disk space than other interfaces
• They need significantly more memory (RAM) to run than other interface types

• To provide legal backing so that it is possible to seek redress if the rights are violated
• To observe copyright for those who create original works
• To protect the confidentiality of information kept  about an individual

• The different factors that can influence the performance of a network include: bandwidth, network design, data collisions, and excess broadcast traffic.
• The bandwidth can influence through the method of transmission and medium used

A manager wishes to replace the current manual system with a computerized one. Describe three areas that must be evaluated to justify the replacement  (6 marks)

• Technical feasibility

• Does the current technology suffice

• Economic feasibility

• Benefits outweigh costs/ whether the project is cost effective

• Schedule feasibility

• Can it be done within the schedule

Headache, back and neck pain may result from the use of computers. State how each of them can be minimized (2mks)

• Proper lighting
• Regular breaks
• Use of antiglare
• Correct position of the screen
• Ergonomic furniture

Students of a school intended to elect their school Captain by secret ballot.  State three ways in which computers can be used to improve the election process                           (3mks)

• Registrations of voters
• Voter identification
• Actual voting
• Tallying

(i) State the name of this protocol.   HTTPS 

(ii) Identify how this protocol changes the data to transmit the data securely.

• It encrypts it
• It applies encryption algorithm
• It applies an encryption key

• A non-volatile store of data

The user is not allowed to access the source code so, they cannot tailor the software to their needs and  they cannot fix any bugs in it

The software is still covered by copyright

The user must get the owner’s permission to do anything beyond using it

• Main document
• Data source
• merged document