• reduced labour costs/do not need paying
• reduced cost of goods
• improve speed of production/productivity
• high degree of accuracy/precision/less errors
• can operate where humans can not go
• do not take breaks/holidays/get tired
• work 24 hrs a day
• reduce accidents at traffic lights
• improve traffic flow
• can work in dangerous conditions

• Computer systems use binary/ones and zeros/voltage on or off;
• Sound is analogue/continuous;
• Computers use digital data/discrete values

Input : An algorithm can take 0 or more inputs well defined outputs

Finiteness: an algorithm must terminate in finite time and after finite number of steps. 

Definiteness : an algorithm must be clear and unambiguous. Each and every step of an algorithm must be clear and precise and it must have only one meaning

Feasibility: should be feasible with the available resources

Output : must produce at least one well defined output

Independent : should have a step-by-step directions which is independent of any programming language

Correctness: should solve the problem it is designed to solve

Efficiency: must take the shortest time possible to run and should require the least memory space. It should use a minimum number of computation steps and memory to produce the desired  output. takes little time and memory to run

Generality: should not be limited to a specific case. It should work for all the valid inputs. works for many possible inputs

Effectiveness : should statements that are relevant to the problem. Every step must be basic and essential. 

• It ensures that each row has a unique and non-null primary key

• They run only one program/task
• OS would increase development and manufacturing cost as more storage will be needed

1. Speeds up coding since converting a pseudocode into a programming language is usually faster and easier
2. Acts as documentation
3. Simplifies debugging since logical errors can be identified and corrected early in design stage
4. Language independent since it is not tied to any specific language so can be translated into different languages
5. It uses simple english-like statements

• problem recognition involves the system analyst identifying and accepting the existence of a problem in the current system
• problem definition involves the analyst studying the system to understand its operations and shortcomings

State the function of each of the following keys on the computer keyboard :  (2mks)

Backspace;

• Deletes characters to the left of the cursor

Insert

• Add characters at the cursor position
• Toggles between overtype and insert modes

An organization intends to replace an existing system by carrying out the process in stages .

Name the implementation strategy ;  (1mk)

• Phased change-over

Give two reasons why the  organization is opting to use the implementation strategy  in (a) above     (2mks)

• Gives employees time to learn
• Organizations can revert to the old system in case of failure
• Reduces resistance by the employees
• It is easier to find system errors as you are dealing with only one part at a time
• Accessing parts of the old system is still is possible in case of failure of the new system

A manager wishes to replace the current manual system with a computerized one. Describe three areas that must be evaluated to justify the replacement  (6 marks)

• Technical feasibility

• Does the current technology suffice

• Economic feasibility

• Benefits outweigh costs/ whether the project is cost effective

• Schedule feasibility

• Can it be done within the schedule

Headache, back and neck pain may result from the use of computers. State how each of them can be minimized                               (2mks)

• Proper lighting
• Regular breaks
• Use of antiglare
• Correct position of the screen
• Ergonomic furniture

Students of a school intended to elect their school Captain by secret ballot.  State three ways in which computers can be used to improve the election process                          (3mks)

• Registrations of voters
• Voter identification
• Actual voting
• Tallying

Explain why intranet is a more secure way to share files within an organization compared to internet (2mks)

• Intranet involves the interconnection of computers  within  the organization hence it is easier to monitor the access and sharing of files since the users in an organization can be assigned accounts and passwords which will enable to access files they are authorized to access unlike the internet where many can access what is stored in the organization’s website

List two career opportunities directly associated with computer networking               (2mks)

• Network administrators
• Network engineers
• Network technicians

Distinguish between a formula and a function as used in spreadsheets

• A formula is a mathematical expression that returns a value
• A function is an excel inbuilt formula that returns a value given a range of values or arguments

 The C directory of a computer has folders named Form 1, Form 2, Form 3 and Form 4. Each class has students’ folder named according to their admission number.  The student created their own folder for subjects they are studying based on the table below:

• an use Internet connection and telephone at the same time
• much faster data transfer speed
• always “on”
• charged for number of bytes/flat rate per month rather than actual time on line
• more bandwidth

Enrolment:
- Data input on line
- Individual records validated
- Speed mismatch implications
- Indexes updated immediately
Exam grades:
- Data input twice
- Off line
- Run as a batch
- At otherwise downtime

• To provide access to the Internet

(i) Jobs collected together for processing at a later time
(ii) Output produced quickly enough to affect the next input
(iii) User has direct contact with the processor
(iv) User cannot communicate directly with the processor

Syntax
• An error that occurs when a command does not follow the expected syntax of the language, e.g. when a keyword is incorrectly spelt
• Incorrect: IF A ADN B Then
• Correct: IF A AND B Then

Logical
• An error that causes a program to output an incorrect answer (that does not necessarily crash the program)
• An algorithm that calculates a person’s age from their date of birth, but ends up giving negative numbers

• A HDD can contain multiple platters (disks);
• A disk/disks that move/spin
• Each platter is divided into sectors;
• The disks are spun at a very high speed (approximately 7,200 rpm to 10,000 + rpm);
• Read\write heads (move across the disk to) read and write data;
• There is one read\write head for each side of a platter ie two heads per platter;
• Data is written to\read from the disk by magnetising\polarising\sensing microscopic regions on the disk;
• Data is organised in concentric rings called tracks;
• There is a small circuit board on the drive that controls the reading and writing of data;
• Data is transferred from and to the disk via a cable/electrical current being passed;
• The intersection of sectors and tracks are called blocks;
• Data is read 1 block at a time

• holds an indexed sequence of variables of the same data type
• Arrays can be used to store values of the same data type and the array is then used as a singular variable to increase efficiency

• more accurate/improved stock control/recording system/automatic
• reordering/automatic updating of stock file
• less staff/wages needed
• sales statistics now available
• faster throughput
• itemised receipt
• records every transaction
• records staff work rates
• less pilfering by staff/easier to identify pilfering
• less errors
• faster calculations
• links to EFTPOS

• it generates and/or allocates an IP address

• car factories/factories
• chemical/nuclear factories
• production lines
• warehouses
• deep in the ocean/down mines
• on other planets/in space
• road junctions

Without a primary key, a table in a database may have duplicate rows, making data not uniquely identifiable. This can lead to issues with data integrity and challenges in maintaining relationships between tables. Retrieving and updating specific records becomes problematic, and setting referential integrity constraints is impossible, potentially leading to loss of data.